One of the core problems of modern statistics is to approximate difficult-to-compute probability densities. This problem is especially important in Bayesian statistics, which frames all inference about unknown quantities as a calculation involving the posterior density. In this paper, we review variational inference (VI), a method from machine learning that approximates probability densities through optimization. VI has been used in many applications and tends to be faster than classical methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The idea behind VI is to first posit a family of densities and then to find the member of that family which is close to the target. Closeness is measured by Kullback-Leibler divergence. We review the ideas behind mean-field variational inference, discuss the special case of VI applied to exponential family models, present a full example with a Bayesian mixture of Gaussians, and derive a variant that uses stochastic optimization to scale up to massive data. We discuss modern research in VI and highlight important open problems. VI is powerful, but it is not yet well understood. Our hope in writing this paper is to catalyze statistical research on this class of algorithms.

Researchers are doing intensive work on satellite images due to the information it contains with the development of computer vision algorithms and the ease of accessibility to satellite images. Building segmentation of satellite images can be used for many potential applications such as city, agricultural, and communication network planning. However, since no dataset exists for every region, the model trained in a region must gain generality. In this study, we trained several models in China and post-processing work was done on the best model selected among them. These models are evaluated in the Chicago region of the INRIA dataset. As can be seen from the results, although state-of-art results in this area have not been achieved, the results are promising. We aim to present our initial experimental results of a building segmentation from satellite images in this study.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a semi-supervised segmentation method for extracting roads from sattelite images. Artificial Neural Networks and image segmentation methods are among the most successful methods for extracting road data from satellite images. However, these models require large amounts of training data from different regions to achieve high accuracy rates. In cases where this data needs to be of more quantity or quality, it is a standard method to train deep neural networks by transferring knowledge from annotated data obtained from different sources. This study proposes a method that performs path segmentation with semi-supervised learning methods. A semi-supervised field adaptation method based on pseudo-labeling and Minimum Class Confusion method has been proposed, and it has been observed to increase performance in targeted datasets.

Extracting building heights from satellite images is an active research area used in many fields such as telecommunications, city planning, etc. Many studies utilize DSM (Digital Surface Models) generated with lidars or stereo images for this purpose. Predicting the height of the buildings using only RGB images is challenging due to the insufficient amount of data, low data quality, variations of building types, different angles of light and shadow, etc. In this study, we present an instance segmentation-based building height extraction method to predict building masks with their respective heights from a single RGB satellite image. We used satellite images with building height annotations of certain cities along with an open-source satellite dataset with the transfer learning approach. We reached, the bounding box mAP 59, the mask mAP 52.6, and the average accuracy value of 70% for buildings belonging to each height class in our test set.

Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to support a wide variety of missions, such as remote surveillance, vehicle tracking, and object detection. For problems involving processing of areas larger than a single image, the mosaicking of UAV imagery is a necessary step. Real-time image mosaicking is used for missions that requires fast response like search and rescue missions. It typically requires information from additional sensors, such as Global Position System (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), to facilitate direct orientation, or 3D reconstruction approaches to recover the camera poses. This paper proposes a UAV-based system for real-time creation of incremental mosaics which does not require either direct or indirect camera parameters such as orientation information. Inspired by previous approaches, in the mosaicking process, feature extraction from images, matching of similar key points between images, finding homography matrix to warp and align images, and blending images to obtain mosaics better looking, plays important roles in the achievement of the high quality result. Edge detection is used in the blending step as a novel approach. Experimental results show that real-time incremental image mosaicking process can be completed satisfactorily and without need for any additional camera parameters.

Transfer Learning methods are widely used in satellite image segmentation problems and improve performance upon classical supervised learning methods. In this study, we present a semantic segmentation method that allows us to make land cover maps by using transfer learning methods. We compare models trained in low-resolution images with insufficient data for the targeted region or zoom level. In order to boost performance on target data we experiment with models trained with unsupervised, semi-supervised and supervised transfer learning approaches, including satellite images from public datasets and other unlabeled sources. According to experimental results, transfer learning improves segmentation performance 3.4% MIoU (Mean Intersection over Union) in rural regions and 12.9% MIoU in urban regions. We observed that transfer learning is more effective when two datasets share a comparable zoom level and are labeled with identical rules; otherwise, semi-supervised learning is more effective by using the data as unlabeled. In addition, experiments showed that HRNet outperformed building segmentation approaches in multi-class segmentation.

我们通过雷达来解决对象跟踪以及处理异常值的当前最新方法的鲁棒性。标准跟踪算法从雷达图像空间中提取检测到在过滤阶段使用它。过滤由卡尔曼过滤器进行，该滤波器假设高斯分布式噪声。但是，此假设并不能说明大型建模错误，并导致突然动作期间的跟踪性能差。我们将高斯总和过滤器（多假设跟踪器的单对象变体）作为基线，并通过与比高斯更重的分布建模工艺噪声来提出修改。变分贝叶斯提供了一种快速，计算上便宜的推理算法。我们的模拟表明，在存在过程离群值的情况下，稳健的跟踪器在跟踪单个对象时优于高斯总和过滤器。

Bibletts是一种在撒哈拉以南非洲使用的十种语言的大型，高质量的开放语音数据集。该语料库包含每语言最多86个小时的对齐，工作室质量的48kHz单扬声器唱片，从而能够开发高质量的文本到语音模型。代表的十种语言是：Akuapem Twi，Asante Twi，Chichewa，Ewe，Hausa，Kikuyu，Lingala，Luganda，Luganda，Luo和Yoruba。该语料库是由Biblica的Open.Bible Project制作和发行的圣经录音的衍生作品。我们已经对齐，清洁和过滤了原始录音，并还对每种语言的对齐子进行了手工检查。我们为具有Coqui TTS的文本到语音模型提供了结果。数据是根据商业友好的CC-SA许可发布的。

我们为通过异质网络提供了一种新颖的培训配方，用于联合学习，每个设备都可以具有不同的体系结构。我们介绍了培训，并以较高复杂性的设备为附带目标，以在联合环境中共同培训不同的体系结构。我们从经验上表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们的方法改善了不同架构的性能，并导致沟通节省高。

本文调查了一类称为线性互补系统（LCSS）的分段仿射动态系统的学习或系统识别。我们提出了一种基于违规的损失，它可以使用基于梯度的方法在没有先前了解混合模式边界的情况下高效地学习LCS参数化。建议的违规行为损失包括动态预测损失和新的互补性违规损失。我们展示了这种损失制定所获得的几个属性，包括其可分性，第一和二阶衍生物的有效计算，以及其与传统预测损失的关系，严格执行互补性。我们应用基于违规的损失制定，以学习具有数万种（潜在僵硬）混合模式的LCSS。结果表明了识别分段仿射动态的最新能力，优于必须通过非平滑线性互补问题来区分的优势方法。